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The copper pipe with the meter/pressure indicator is the main water in. Interesting you have a meter in the house.
The large silver pipe next to it is the outlet for the dryer-don't let it get full of lint.
The extra black pipe that is not connected is an oddity left over from an old remodel? It should be capped or have a charcoal filter on it. It could be the source of the smell.
On the other set of photos the large black pipe is your houses sewage line out. It goes out to the street and sometimes at a junction roots will work their way in and cause it to clog-really messy-don't ask how I know. This pipe should have small pipes adjoining that are from sinks etc besides the toilets. Then somewhere there will be app. 1" pipe going up from them. They are vent lines that usually go out through the roof and allow air to enter the system when something large is going down so suction doesn't cause a clog.
The pee trap under a sink is to keep sewer gas from coming up and into the house and catch small items (rings) from going down into the system. The p traps should be kept clean and have water in them-that stops the gas. If you have a clogged ptrap under a sink they are easy to clear it is just gross.
Any competent contractor will know what all of these are however you should know before remodeling the basement moving water/sewage lines is expensive so usually plan on keeping them where they are. Ditto for electricity and main panels.
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